Linking Verb and Subject Complement

Types of Complements

types of complements

Here we will focus on Linking verb and subject complement.

Linking Verbs and Subject Complement

Sometimes the verb is neither enough on its own, nor does it take any object after it.

To make a meaningful sentence we sometimes require some word(s) after the verb which are not objects - Hence called Intransitive Verb of Incomplete Predication.

linking verbs

Compare these sentences:

The baby sleeps. (sounds complete)

The baby seems. (sounds incomplete)
The baby seems happy. (Object is missing; happy is a subject complement; seems is a linking verb)

  • A subject complement is a word or phrase that follows a linking verb and identifies or describes the subject.

The baby seems happy.
Happy is the complement here, as happy is not a separate entity. Baby is the one who is happy, i.e. baby = happy.

Note that an object does not function as a subject complement; that is, it does not describe the subject. Object is a separate entity altogether. On the other hand subject and subject complement refer to the same entity.
  • A linking verb connects the subject of the sentence to subjective complement (that gives information about the subject).

Subject + Linking Verb + Subjective Complement

If we can substitute any verb with an equal sign [=] and the sentence still makes sense, the verb is almost always a linking verb.

Rohit is an engineer. (Rohit = engineer)

List of linking verbs

Some linking verbs – be (is, am, are, was, were), appear, become, feel, get, go, grow, look, seem, taste, turn etc.

Any verb that can be replaced by a “be” linking verb - is a linking verb.

The ice on the roof grew thicker by the moment.
The ice on the roof was thicker by the moment.

He appears crazy.
He is crazy.

Although we call verbs as linking, intransitive and transitive verbs (just as most trainers, grammar books and websites do), it is not entirely accurate.

A verb may be a linking, intransitive or transitive verb, based on how it has been used in a sentence (it is context based).

Verb - growVerb type in the sentence
The sky grew dark.Working as linking verb
Trees grow slowly.Working as intransitive verb
I grow banana trees.Working as transitive verb

Object vs. Subject Complement

An object receives the action of the subject, while subject complement adds additional information about the subject.

Nicole is tired. (tired is a subject complement. Both are talking about the same entity.)

I have a ball. (ball is an object. I and ball are separate entities.)

Jim made the cake for Victoria. (the cake is direct object; Victoria is prepositional object. There is no complement as no word comes for another word. There are three separate entities in this sentence.)

What can function as subject complement?

  • Subjective complement may be a noun/noun phrase or pronoun (they rename the subject; also called predicate nouns or predicate nominatives):

Saturn is a planet. (noun) (Saturn = planet)

It is I. (pronoun) (It = I)

The result is that she is injured. (noun phrase)

My favorite activity is surfing in the ocean. (gerund phrase working as noun phrase)

  • Subjective complement may be an adjective/adjective phrase (they describe or modify the subject; also called predicate adjectives):

The sky grew dark. (adjective) (sky = dark)

The house is in prime condition. (preposition phrase working as an adjective phrase)
(house = in prime condition)

The manager seems worried. (participle) (manager = worried)

The shop is to let. (infinitive) (shop = to let)

My habit is to sleep early. (infinitive phrase) (my habit = to sleep early)

Don’t use an adverb as a subject complement - Because subject complement describes the subject and not the verb, so it cannot be an adverb.

This soup tastes badly. (incorrect)
This soup tastes bad. (correct)

He spoke intelligently. (incorrect)
He seems intelligent. (correct)

Case of Subject Complement

Subject complement is in subjective case - because a subject complement provides more information about the subject.

Subjective formObjective form
Ime
weus
youyou
he, she, ithim, her, it
theythem
whowhom

I didn’t kick you! It was he.
(It = subject; was = linking verb; he = subject complement.)

Extra Books and Tools


1. Wren & Martin - This book has been around for long and is still considered one of the best.

Links for readers from USA, UK, Canada, and other countries:

High School English Grammar and Composition Paperback

Key to Wren and Martin

Link for Indian readers: Wren and Martin


2. More advanced learners may refer to the following books. However, buy them only if you must.

A. Essential English Grammar by Raymond Murphy

Link for readers from USA, UK, Canada, and other countries: Essential Grammar in Use - with Answers

Link for Indian readers: Essential English Grammar

B. Intermediate English Grammar by Raymond Murphy

Link for readers from USA, UK, Canada, and other countries: English Grammar in Use - with Answers

Link for Indian readers: Intermediate English Grammar

C. Advanced English Grammar by Martin Hewings

Link for readers from USA, UK, Canada, and other countries: Advanced Grammar in Use - with Answers

Link for Indian readers: Advanced English Grammar


So much so for Englsh Grammar. But what about Comprehension skills and Vocabulary?

For this, I prefer to read on gadgets like Kindle. We may just tap on any word and see its meaning there and then. It's also not taxing on the eyes. There are a multitude of Kindle models and versions available. Though, any model will meet our basic reading needs.

Link for readers from USA, UK, Canada, and other countries:

Link for Indian readers: Kindle

If you want to know more about such recommended books, you may read this article of ours.
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